Organisms
From Geography
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Revision as of 11:50, 19 September 2012
Luhmann distinguishes four levels of autopoetic systems: machines, organisms, psychic systems and social systems. Organisms can import matter and energy from their environment for their own production, in that way they are open systems (Gren & Zierhofer, 2003, p. 617). From the operational point of view, they can be seen as closed systems, this also characterizes psychic and social systems.
References
Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: Environment and Planning A., 35, 615-630.
Contributors
Page created by Aafke Brus --AafkeBrus 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET)
