Autonomy of social(sub) systems
From Geography
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| - | “Psychic and social systems, unlike machines and organisms, can be characterized by their use of meaning”(Luhmann, 1995, p. 3), they cannot exist without organisms and other material systems. At this level of analysis each type of system is autonomous. An organism is not a part of a psychic system, and a social system does not consist of psychic systems. Because these kinds of systems are perationally closed, they exist only as environments for each other. As a result of Luhmann’s specific sociological concerns, social systems are differentiated into interactions, organisations and societies. | + | “Psychic and [[social systems]], unlike machines and organisms, can be characterized by their use of meaning”([[Luhmann]], 1995, p. 3), they cannot exist without organisms and other material systems. At this level of analysis each type of system is [[autonomous]]. An organism is not a part of a psychic system, and a social system does not consist of psychic systems. Because these kinds of systems are perationally closed, they exist only as environments for each other. As a result of Luhmann’s specific sociological concerns, social systems are differentiated into interactions, organisations and societies. |
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| - | Gren, M & Zierhofer, W. (2003) Environment and planning | + | Gren, M & Zierhofer, W. (2003) ''Environment and planning'' Great Britain: Pion publication |
| - | Luhmann, N. (1995) | + | Luhmann, N. (1995) ''Social systems'' Standford: Standford university press |
Revision as of 08:41, 18 November 2010
“Psychic and social systems, unlike machines and organisms, can be characterized by their use of meaning”(Luhmann, 1995, p. 3), they cannot exist without organisms and other material systems. At this level of analysis each type of system is autonomous. An organism is not a part of a psychic system, and a social system does not consist of psychic systems. Because these kinds of systems are perationally closed, they exist only as environments for each other. As a result of Luhmann’s specific sociological concerns, social systems are differentiated into interactions, organisations and societies.
By Mike van der Linden and Paul Cuijpers
Gren, M & Zierhofer, W. (2003) Environment and planning Great Britain: Pion publication
Luhmann, N. (1995) Social systems Standford: Standford university press
