Organisms
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'''References''' | '''References''' | ||
| - | Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: Environment and Planning A. | + | Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: ''Environment and Planning A., 35'', 615-630. |
'''Contributors''' | '''Contributors''' | ||
''Page created by Aafke Brus'' --[[User:AafkeBrus|AafkeBrus]] 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET) | ''Page created by Aafke Brus'' --[[User:AafkeBrus|AafkeBrus]] 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET) | ||
Revision as of 15:56, 31 October 2011
Luhmann distinguishes four levels of autopoetic systems: machines, organisms, psychic systems and social systems. Organisms can import matter and energy from their environment for their own production, in that way they are open systems (Gren & Zierhofer, 2003, p. 617). From the operational point of view, they can be seen as closed systems, this also characterizes psychic and social systems.
References
Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: Environment and Planning A., 35, 615-630.
Contributors
Page created by Aafke Brus --AafkeBrus 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET)
