Structuration Theory

From Geography

Contents 1 Structuration Theory 2 Key concepts 2.1 Duality of structure 2.2 Structure 2.3 Agency 2.4 Power and agency 2.5 Three spatial concepts 3 Criticisms 4 References 5 Contributors

Structuration Theory

Structuration Theory was developed by Anthony Giddens. This theory has become extensive and commonplace in post-positivist social sciences (Warf, 2011). He tries to bridge between theories that focus mainly on human agency (for instance Humanism) and theories that focus on structure (for instance Marxism). This is what is called the ‘Third Way’, which represents a pragmatic renewal of progressive social democracy that seeks to avoid the manifest failures of Marxism and the excesses of neo-liberalism (Warf, 2011). It examines the complex relationship between human agency and the constraints of structure.

Giddens structuration theory essentially views society as neither existing independently of human activity nor being a product of it (Dyck & Kearns, 2006) in Aitken, S. & Valentine G, 2010).

Culture, in structuration theory, is being portrayed as what people take for granted. Culture defines what is normal and what is not, what is important and what is not. What is acceptable and what is not, within each social context. Social structures, regarding culture, in structuration theory are seen to consist of the rules and resources that are instantiated in social systems (Warf, 2011)

Key concepts

Duality of structure

The duality of structure is a key concept. Neither the human agent nor society is regarded as being more important. Structure enables but also constraints. Structration theory dismantles the schism between micro and macro approaches, rather these two dimensions of human life must be seen as mutually complementary.

Structure

In Giddens’ theory, structure exists only through human practise, when the structure is ‘presenced’ by actors. Structure is regarded as the ‘rules and resources’ which actors draw upon. These rules are however not static. They can be changed by the negotiable character of meaning.

Agency

In Giddens understanding, the individual has a choice and he or she could have acted differently. In this Giddens refers to Weber, with his individual conscious acts. The possibility to change something through our acts, to reach a certain goal. But in order to do so we need structures.

Power and agency

Power has also played a central role in Giddens analysis. Power is a transformative capacity, tied to human agency. “Power in its relational sense, concerns the capability of actors to secure outcomes where the realisation of these outcomes depends upon the agency of others” (Giddens, in Warf, 2011). Noticable is that this view differs from the traditional Weberian view that implies that power only exists when the boundaries of others is breached.

Giddens distinguishes between discursive consciousness, that what people can put into words, and practical consciousness, what people do in everyday life but may not be able to put into words. Practical consciousness plays a part in constituting and reconstituting social life by routine and reflexive application.

Three spatial concepts

Giddens develops a specific vocabulary to integrate space and spatiality into the theory of social practise. The three key spatial concepts are; locale/setting, region and zone.

Locale can be understood as a material context, or the constellations of actions which acquire a specific social meaning inter-subjectively as well. Occasionally, Giddens uses the term ‘setting’ as a ‘setting’ for interactions to also refer to the term ‘locale’. Secondly, a region should be understood within a ‘locale/setting’ as a social part of the situation or the context of action. This could be seen in a physical and material relations such as walls, lines, and rivers. Thirdly, when talking about zoning you refer to the further differentiation of regions. Meaning, for example, specific rooms are only defined for specific activities. (Werlen, 2009)

Criticisms

First, Gregory and Thrift exposed their criticism on Giddens theory, for inadequately developed sense of space, including lack of attention to matters of spatial scale regarding his view on regionalization. Secondly,

Thrift criticized Giddens in more than one perspective. For instance, on an unconvincing account of recursivity, an over-emphasis on presence that ‘never fully considers’ the ghost of networked others, an impoverished sense of unconscious

Secondly, Thrift continues to criticize Giddens’ by saying; his work is “an unconvincing account of recursivity, an over-emphasis on presence that ‘never fully considers’ the ghost of networked others, an ‘impoverished sense of unconscious’, and an inadequately developed theory of culture.” Thirdly, Gregson argued that structuration theory is essentially useless in guiding empirical research, because it is too vague.

References

• Dyck, I. Kearns, R.A. (2006) Structuration Theory: Agency, Structure and Everyday Life. Chapter 7, in Stuart Aitken & Gill Valentine; Approaches to Human Geography, 2010.

• Warf, B. (2011) Anthony Giddens. Chapter 23, in Phil Hubbard & Rob Kitchen; Key Thinkers on Space and Place, 2011.

• Werlen, B. (2009) Structurationist Geography. In Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany. Elsevier, 2009, p 51.

Contributors

• Published by Pieter-Jan Schut --Pieter-Jan Schut 17:24, 25 October 2011 (CEST) and Stan Crienen --StanCrienen 17:19, 25 October 2011 (CEST)