Organisms
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| - | [[Niklas Luhmann|Luhmann]] distinguishes four levels of | + | [[Niklas Luhmann|Luhmann]] distinguishes four levels of systems: [[machines]], organisms, [[psychic systems]] and [[social systems]]. Organisms can import matter and energy from their environment for their own production, in that way they are [[open systems]] (Gren & Zierhofer, 2003, p. 617). From the operational point of view, they can be seen as closed systems, this also characterizes psychic and social systems. |
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| + | Organisms are autopoietic systems, which means they are those in which the elements of the system generate the network of operations producing the elements of the system. | ||
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Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: ''Environment and Planning A., 35'', 615-630. | Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: ''Environment and Planning A., 35'', 615-630. | ||
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| + | Jacobson, A.J. (1989). "Autopoietic Law: The New Science of Niklas Luhmann." In: Michigan Law Reviws, Volume 87, no. 6, p. 1660. | ||
'''Contributors''' | '''Contributors''' | ||
''Page created by Aafke Brus'' --[[User:AafkeBrus|AafkeBrus]] 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET) | ''Page created by Aafke Brus'' --[[User:AafkeBrus|AafkeBrus]] 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET) | ||
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| + | Page edited by --[[User:IrisVanDiest|IrisVanDiest]] --[[User:IrisVanDiest|IrisVanDiest]] 15:50, 21 October 2012 (CEST) | ||
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[[Category: Social System Theory]] | [[Category: Social System Theory]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:50, 21 October 2012
Luhmann distinguishes four levels of systems: machines, organisms, psychic systems and social systems. Organisms can import matter and energy from their environment for their own production, in that way they are open systems (Gren & Zierhofer, 2003, p. 617). From the operational point of view, they can be seen as closed systems, this also characterizes psychic and social systems.
Organisms are autopoietic systems, which means they are those in which the elements of the system generate the network of operations producing the elements of the system.
References
Gren, M. & Zierhofer, W. (2003) The unity of difference: a critical appraisal of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems in the context of corporeality and spatiality. In: Environment and Planning A., 35, 615-630.
Jacobson, A.J. (1989). "Autopoietic Law: The New Science of Niklas Luhmann." In: Michigan Law Reviws, Volume 87, no. 6, p. 1660.
Contributors
Page created by Aafke Brus --AafkeBrus 16:56, 31 October 2011 (CET)
Page edited by --IrisVanDiest --IrisVanDiest 15:50, 21 October 2012 (CEST)
